B.
Who are the people that
have worked in this intelligence?
-Aristotle, Plato, René Descartes,
Isaac Newton all this thinker mans were talking about logical mathematical
intelligence through the philosophy.
-Lev
Vygotsky (1896-1934): Vygotsky was a very
important Russian physiologist and he pertains to the phase of the
constructivism. His theory said that apart from the genetic code, children were
conditioned to the society and the culture they were born into at the moment
they were growing up and learning. He used to say that it was not the same to
be born in an occidental culture or in an oriental culture because the
environment was the main factor to develop the intelligence.
Another factor that he said was very
important was the language and the people around the child, like his parents or
classmates. And he made emphasis on a guided learn.
-David
Paul Ausubel (1918-2008):
Ausubel was an American physiologist and pedagogue. He’s also a important
person inside the phase of constructivism. David made the theory the significant learning and
it was based on Piaget’s theory. This theory said that the significant learning
is when the new concept the child learns is well understood, linking up this
new information on previous concepts. To make this possible, he made three
conditions: the concept must have a logical and psychological meaning and the
attitude of the child must be correct and positive
-Joseph
Donald Novak: Novak
was born on 1932 in America and he’s a teacher and a research scientist. His
theory is based on the David Ausubel’ theory and he is famous for inventing the
concept mapping which proves the quantity of concepts children have learned and
can understand as well.
-Jean
Piaget (1896-1980)
B.1) Who is Piaget and why is he the most famous?
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was
born on Switzerland and he was a biologist, philosopher and psychologist who
developed some theories, like the “assimilation and accommodation theory” and
he made studies about childhood. He also published some studies about the
child’s psychology and he made his most famous theory about the cognitive
development. This theory talks about the development of the knowledge on human
beings.
For him, this development
is totally connected with the development of some cognitive structures which
are previously formed and they're more simple.
With these studies, Piaget
helps us understanding better the human development and knowing how to help
children in all parts of their development.
-What
is his input?
He wants to answer his question”How the brain passes from a stage with less
knowledge to a stage with more knowledge?”
This is why he starts
working with children, making different tests on them and analysing all their
answers and having a lot of interest on their mistakes, because he thought
those mistakes were very constructive.
Piaget saw that children
with the same age were making the same mistakes, so with all the patterns of
mistakes of all ages, he made the conclusion of the existence of one evolutional sequence on intellectual growth.
He finally made 4 periods
of cognitive development: SENSORIOMOTOR, PREOPERATIONAL, SPECIFIC OPERATIONS
and FORMAL OPERATIONS.
B.1.1)
What are the Piaget’s tests? How many tests are there?
The tests of Piaget are a formal description
of the evolution of our intelligence, taking into account different stages of
the development. They are a sequence of tasks which evaluate a group of
thoughts that make the functions of the reasoning. Those tests are not intellectual standard tests; they only contrast
universal patterns of children reasoning.
B.1.2) General characteristics of the tests:
·
Category: Intelligence tests.
·
Objective: Evolution of the logical
reasoning. They examines why, the process or the structure through the child
can reason.
·
Application: Individual.
·
Time: Variable.
·
Age: 0-12
·
Material: It depends on the test +
protocol of answers.
·
Ambit:
Educational-Investigation.
-Other characteristics:
·
They
can be used as a way to stimulate cognitive abilities.
·
With
those tests we can identify clearly psychological changes.
·
Those
tests must be done when the child and the investigator have a little
relationship between them.
·
We
have to fix our attention on 3 characteristics of the answer of the child:
o
They
have to recognize the materials
o
The
vocabulary used
o
Intention
to answer the test
B.1.3) Types of tests:
There
are 3 general types of Piaget’s tests, but there are some different tests to
prove each one:
·
Series
·
Conservation
·
Classification
